Iron Ore

Pig iron is a form of crude iron and an intermediate product formed during the production of steel. It is obtained by smelting iron ore in the blast furnace and contains a high amount of carbon content, which typically ranges from 3.5 to 4.5%, making it brittle. Pig iron is used as the raw material for making steel. Oxygen is blown through the molten pig iron to lower its carbon content and convert it into steel. It takes about 1.6 tons of iron ore to produce one ton of steel.

The production of steel from iron ore requires mixing it with superheated metallurgical coal in a blast furnace. After that, superheated air with temperature ranging around 1,200 degrees Celsius is injected into the furnace to create a flame of nearly 2,000-degree Celsius temperature, which converts iron ore into molten pig iron and slag. Impurities are then removed, and alloys are added to cast the steel which is further cooled and rolled to be used as finished products.

The process of mining iron ore is very much similar to the extraction of other minerals. Firstly, the company holding the licence area explores the geology of the region to identify the best prospects for mining operations. After the identification of the ideal site, the ore is drilled and blasted, and transported to the primary crusher for processing. Then, the crushed ore is sorted in the form of lumps and fines, as per the screen size. A stacker then builds a stack in the stockyards to make the ore ready for transportation. Iron ore is then transported to trains with the help of conveyors and ultimately loaded in ships for export.

Iron ore is mined in more than 50 countries. The seven largest producers of the world account for around three-quarters of the world's total iron ore production. As per the United States Geological Survey (USGS) 2020 estimates, Australia is the leading iron ore producer followed by Brazil, China, India, and Russia. Based on crude ore reserves as well, Australia and Brazil are the leaders followed by Russia and China.